Heart of Palm Use: A Family Survey

Scott Zona, Ph.D.
Palm Biologist
Chair, IUCN/SSC Palm Specialist Group

Taxa are listed alphabetically. Nomenclature of original sources updated to follow World Checklist of Palms (Govaerts & Dransfield 2005).

Genus and Species	Country/Region	Food/Medicine	Reference	Notes
Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd. ex Mart	-	food	Hodge 1965	As Acrocomia mexicana
Aiphanes	Ecuador	food	Barfod & Balslev 1988
Aiphanes grandis Borchs. & Balslev	Ecuador	food	Van den Eynden et al. 2004
Archontophoenix	Brazil [cultivated]	food	Bovi 1998	The genus is endemic to Australia.
Arenga	Sumatra, Kalimantan	food	Dransfield 1976
Arenga brevipes Becc.	Sarawak	food	Pearce 1989
Arenga obtusifolia Mart.	Malaysia	food	Kiew 1989
Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) Merr.	Malesia (Philippines)	food	Miller 1964
Arenga undulatifolia Becc.	Sarawak	food	Pearce 1989
Astrocaryum	Brazil & Venezuela	food	Anderson 1978
Astrocaryum aculeatum G. Mey.	Brazil & Venezuela	food	Anderson 1978; Gertsch et al. 2002	Heart is edible but "not favored" by the Yanomami of Venezuela.
Astrocaryum campestre Mart.	Brazil	food	Balick 1988
Astrocaryum chambira Burret	Peru; Ecuador	food	Mejia 1988; Macía 2004
Astrocaryum gynacanthum Mart.	Venezuela	food	Gertsch et al. 2002
Astrocaryum huicungo Dammer ex Burret	Peru	food	Mejia 1988
Astrocaryum murumuru Mart.	Brazil & Venezuela	food	Anderson 1978
Astrocaryum standleyanum L. H. Bailey	Costa Rica	food	Joyal 1994
Astrocaryum urostachys Burret	Ecuador	food	Van den Eynden et al. 2004
Attalea butyracea ((Mutis ex L. f.) H. Karst. ex Wess. Boer	Colombia	food	Plotkin & Balick 1984	As Scheelea butyracea
Attalea cohune Mart.	Belize	food	McSweeney 1995	As Orbignya cohune
Attalea maripa (Aubl.) Mart.	Brazil & Venezuela	food	Anderson 1978
Attalea phalerata Mart. ex Spreng.	Brazil & Venezuela	food	Anderson 1978
Attalea princeps Mart.	Bolivia	food	Balslev & Moraes 1989	As Scheelea princeps
Attalea speciosa Mart.	Brazil	food	Balick 1988	As Orbignya phalerata
Bactris	Brazil & Venezuela; Ecuador; Costa Rica	food	Anderson 1978; Barfod & Balslev 1988; Joyal 1994	Several species used.
Bactris bidentula Spruce	Venezuela	food	Gertsch et al. 2002
Bactris coloradonis L. H. Bailey	Costa Rica	food	Joyal 1994	As Bactris porschiana
Bactris gasipaes Kunth	Costa Rica; Brazil & Venezuela; Ecuador	food	Balick 1976; Anderson 1978; Barfod & Balslev 1988; Gertsch et al. 2002; Macía 2004	Bactris recommended as a sustainable alternative to Euterpe by Balick 1976.
Batris gasipaes Kunth var. chichagui (H. Karst.) A. Hend.	Ecuador	food	Van den Eynden et al. 2004	As Bactris macana
Bactris riparia Mart.	Ecuador	food	Macía 2004
Bactris setulosa H. Karst.	Ecuador	food	Van den Eynden et al. 2004
Beccariophoenix madagascariensis Jum. & H. Perrier	Madagascar	food	Dransfield 1988; Dransfield & Beentje 1995	Overharvesting is endangering the species.
Borassodendron borneense J. Dransf.	Sumatra, Kalimantan	food	Dransfield 1972
Borassus aethiopum Mart.	Senegal	food	Sambou et al. 1992	"... the difficulties in extracting it [the heart] somewhat limit its importance as a food source."
Brahea brandegeei (Purpus) H.E. Moore	Mexico	food	Hodge 1980a	Cites historical account from 18th Century Jesuit Miguel de Barco (1706-1790) -- earliest record of palm heart use in the Americas.
Calamus	Sarawak	food	Pearce 1989
Calamus acanthophyllus Becc.	Lao PDR	food	Evans et al. 2001
Calamus erectus Roxb.	Lao PDR	food	Evans et al. 2001
Calamus exilis Griff.	Malaysia	medicine	Kiew 1989
Calamus flagellum Griff.	Lao PDR	food	Evans et al. 2001
Calamus gracilis Roxb.	Lao PDR	food	Evans et al. 2001
Calamus guruba Buch.-Ham.	Lao PDR	food	Evans et al. 2001
Calamus henryanus Becc.	Lao PDR	food	Evans et al. 2001
Calamus hypoleucus Kurz	Lao PDR	food	Evans et al. 2001	Edible but small.
Calamus javensis Blume	Malaysia	medicine	Kiew 1989
Calamus laoensis T. Evans et al.	Lao PDR	food	Evans et al. 2001	Bitter.
Calamus oligostachys T. Evans et al.	Lao PDR	food	Evans et al. 2001
Calamus ornatus Blume	Malaysia	medicine	Kiew 1989
Calamus palustris Griff.	Lao PDR	food	Evans et al. 2001
Calamus paspalanthus Becc.	Sarawak	food	Pearce 1989
Calamus platyacanthoides E. D. Merrill	Lao PDR	food	Evans et al. 2001
Calamus poilanei Conrard	Lao PDR	food	Evans et al. 2001
Calamus pseudoulur Becc.	Sarawak	food	Pearce 1989
Calamus rhabdocladus Burret	Lao PDR	food	Evans et al. 2001
Calamus rudentum Lour.	Lao PDR	food	Evans et al. 2001
Calamus siamensis Becc.	Lao PDR	food	Evans et al. 2001
Calamus solitarius T. Evans et al.	Lao PDR	food	Evans et al. 2001	Edible but small.
Calamus tenuis Roxb.	Lao PDR	food	Evans et al. 2001
Calamus viminalis Willd.	Lao PDR	food	Evans et al. 2001
Calamus wailong S. J. Pei & S. Y. Chen	Lao PDR	food	Evans et al. 2001
Calamus zollingeri Becc.	Sulawesi, Indonesia	food	Siebert 1997
Caryota	Sumatra, Kalimantan	food	Dransfield 1976
Caryota no Becc.	Sarawak	food	Pearce 1989
Ceroxylon amazonicum Galeano	Ecuador	food	Van den Eynden et al. 2004
Chamaedorea	Costa Rica	food	Joyal 1994
Chamaedorea tepejilote Liebm.	Guatemala	food	Castillo Mont et al. 1994
Cocos nucifera L.	Madagascar	food	Byg & Balslev 2003	Harvested from cultivated palms.
Copernicia prunifera (Mill.) H.E. Moore	Brazil	food	Johnson 1972	Heart taken when palms cut for other purposes
Daemonorops fissa Blume	Kalimantan	food	Dransfield 1976	Usually eaten cooked.
Daemonorops	Sarawak	food	Pearce 1989
Daemonorops brachystachys Furtado	West Malaysia	food	Avé 1986
Daemonorops geniculata (Griff.) Mart.	West Malaysia	food	Avé 1986
Daemonorops grandis (Griff.) Mart.	West Malaysia	food & medicine	Avé 1986; Kiew 1989
Daemonorops jenkinsiana (Griff.) Mart.	Lao PDR	food	Evans et al. 2001
Daemonorops kunstleri Becc.	West Malaysia	food	Avé 1986
Daemonorops longipes (Griff.) Mart.	Sarawak	food	Pearce 1989
Daemonorops melanochaetes Blume	Sumatra, Kalimantan	food	Dransfield 1976	Food reserved for palace visitors in Solo and Jogjakarta, Java.
Daemonorops micorstachys Becc.	Sarawak	food	Pearce 1989
Daemonorops periacantha Miq.	Sarawak	food	Pearce 1989
Daemonorops robusta Warb. ex Becc.	Sulawesi, Indonesia	food	Siebert 1997
Daemonorops spectabilis Becc.	Sarawak	food	Pearce 1989
Daemonorops verticillaris (Griff.) Mart.	Malaysia	medicine	Kiew 1989
Dictyocaryum lamarckianum (Mart.) H. Wendl.	Bolivia	food	Balslev & Moraes 1989	This use may not be current.
Dypsis ampasindavae Beentje	Madagascar	food	Dransfield & Beentje 1995
Dypsis ankaizinensis (Jum.) Beentje & J. Dransf.	Madagascar	food	Dransfield & Beentje 1995	Heart is slightly bitter.
Dypsis baronii (Becc.) Beentje & J. Dransf.	Madagascar	food	Dransfield & Beentje 1995
Dypsis basilonga (Jum. & H. Perrier) Beentje & J. Dransf.	Madagascar	food	Dransfield & Beentje 1995
Dypsis canaliculata (Jum.) Beentje & J. Dransf.	Madagascar	food	Dransfield & Beentje 1995; Byg & Balslev 2003	Some Malagasy people believe this species to be toxic.
Dypsis decipiens (Becc.) Beentje & J. Dransf.	Madagascar	food	Dransfield & Beentje 1995
Dypsis fibrosa (C.H. Wright) Beentje & J. Dransf.	Madagascar	food	Byg & Balslev 2003
Dypsis hovomantsina Beentje	Madagascar	food	Dransfield & Beentje 1995	Heart has a bad odor but is edible.
Dypsis ligulata (Jum.) Beentje & J. Dransf.	Madagascar	food	Dransfield & Beentje 1995
Dypsis madagascariensis (Becc.) Beentje & J. Dransf.	Madagascar	food	Dransfield & Beentje 1995
Dypsis mananjarensis (Jum. & H. Perrier) Beentje & J. Dransf.	Madagascar	food	Dransfield & Beentje 1995
Dypsis oreophila Beentje	Madagascar	food	Dransfield & Beentje 1995
Dypsis perrieri (Jum.) Beentje & J. Dransf.	Madagascar	food	Dransfield & Beentje 1995; Byg & Balslev 2003
Dypsis pilulifera (Becc.) Beentje & J. Dransf.	Madagascar	food	Dransfield & Beentje 1995; Byg & Balslev 2003
Dypsis pinnatifrons Mart.	Madagascar	food	Byg & Balslev 2003
Dypsis prestoniana Beentje	Madagascar	food	Dransfield & Beentje 1995; Byg & Balslev 2003
Dypsis tokoravina Beentje	Madagascar	food	Byg & Balslev 2003
Dypsis tsaratananensis (Jum.) Beentje & J. Dransf.	Madagascar	food	Dransfield & Beentje 1995
Dypsis tsaravoasira Beentje	Madagascar	food	Dransfield & Beentje 1995; Byg & Balslev 2003
Dypsis utilis (Jum.) Beentje & J. Dransf.	Madagascar	food	Dransfield & Beentje 1995
Eleiodoxa conferta (Griff.) Burret	Sarawak	food	Pearce 1989
Eugeissona insignis Becc.	Sarawak	food	Pearce 1989
Eugeissona utilis Becc.	Sarawak	food	Pearce 1989
Euterpe catinga Wallace	Venezuela	food	Gertsch et al. 2002
Euterpe broadwayi Becc. ex Broadway	Dominica	food	Hodge 1965; Zona et al. 2003	As E. dominicana in Hodge 1965.
Euterpe edulis Mart.	Brazil, Paraguay	food & medicine	Kitzke & Johnson 1975; Plotkin & Balick 1984; Jiménez & Knapp 1998
Euterpe oleracea Mart.	Brazil; Venezuela	food	Strudwick & Sobel 1988; Gertsch et al. 2002
Euterpe precatoria Mart.	Peru; Brazil & Venezuela; Ecuador; Bolivia	food	Johnson 1975; Anderson 1978; Balslev & Moraes 1989; Gragson 1992; Gertsch et al. 2002; Van den Eynden et al. 2004; Macía 2004
Euterpe precatoria Mart. var. longivaginata (Mart.) A. J. Henderson	Costa Rica; Belize	food	Joyal 1994; McSweeney 1995	As Euterpe macrospadix
Geonoma interrupta (Ruiz & Pav.) Mart.	Costa Rica	food	Joyal 1994
Geonoma interrupta (Ruiz & Pav.) Mart. var. interrupta	--	food	Hodge 1965	As Geonoma edulis
Geonoma pohliana Mart.	n.e. Brazil	medicine	Balick 1988
Heterospathe phillipsii Fuller & Dowe	Fiji	food	Fuller et al. 1997
Hyospathe elegans Mart.	Venezuela	food	Gertsch et al. 2002
Iriartea deltoidea Ruiz & Pavon	Ecuador; Costa Rica; Venezuela	food	Barfod & Balslev 1988; Joyal 1994; Gertsch et al. 2002; Macía 2004	Considered edible but not tasty by the Venezuelan Yanomami.
Juania australis (Mart.) Drude ex Hook. f.	Chile	food	Endt 1996	Not used in modern times.
Korthalsia rigidia Blume	Malaysia	medicine	Kiew 1989
Licuala	Sumatra, Kalimantan	food	Dransfield 1976
Licuala boreneensis Becc.	Sarawak	food	Pearce 1989
Licuala orbicularis Becc.	Sarawak	food	Pearce 1989
Licuala petiolulata Becc.	Sarawak	food	Pearce 1989
Licuala valida Becc.	Sarawak	food	Pearce 1989
Livistona australis (R.Br.) Mart.	Australia	food	Cribb & Cribb 1981
Manicaria saccifera Gaertn.	Venezuela	medicine	Wilbert 1975
Mauritia flexuosa L.f.	Venezuela, Ecuador	food	Gragson 1992; Van den Eynden et al. 2004
Marojejya insignis Humbert	Madagascar	food	Byg & Balslev 2003
Myrialepis paradoxa (Kurz) J. Dransf.	Lao PDR	food	Evans et al. 2001
Oenocarpus bacaba Mart.	Brazil & Venezuela, Ecuador	food	Anderson 1978; Van den Eynden et al. 2004
Oenocarpus bataua Mart.	Brazil & Venezuela; Ecuador	food	Anderson 1978; Barfod & Balslev 1988; Macía 2004	Often cited as Jessenia bataua
Oenocarpus distichus Mart.	--	food	Plotkin & Balick 1984
Oenocarpus mapora H. Karst.	Ecuador	food	Van den Eynden et al. 2004; Macía 2004
Oncosperma horridum (Griff.) Scheff.	Sumatra, Kalimantan, Indonesia, Malaysia, Sarawak	food	Dransfield 1976; House 1983; Kiew 1989; Pearce 1989	Very highly esteemed (Dransfield 1976); eaten when stem has been felled for another purpose (House 1983).
Oncosperma tigillarium (Jack) Ridl.	Indonesia, Sarawak	food	House 1983; Pearce 1989	Eaten when stem has been felled for another purpose (House 1983)
Parajubaea torallyi (Mart.) Burret	Bolivia	food	Balslev & Moraes 1989	This use may not be current.
Phoenix dactylifera L.	Iraq	food	Hodge 1980b	Cites Xenophon, 4th Century B.C., the first record of palm heart consumption.
Phoenix loureiroi Kunth	s. India	food & medicine	Padmanabhan & Sudhersan 1988	Overharvesting is endangering this palm.
Pholidocarpus majadum Becc.	Sarawak	food	Pearce 1989
Pholidostachys synanthera (Mart.) H.E. Moore	Ecuador	food	Van den Eynden et al. 2004
Phytelephas aequatorialis Spruce	Ecuador	food	Van den Eynden et al. 2004
Plectocomia pierreana Becc.	Lao PDR	food	Evans et al. 2001
Plectocomiopsis geminiflora (Griff.) Becc.	Lao PDR	food	Evans et al. 2001
Prestoea acuminata (Willd.) H.E. Moore var. acuminata	Ecuador	food	Barfod & Balslev 1988; Borgtoft Pedersen & Balslev 1990; Bonilla & Feil 1995	Cited as Euterpe chaunostachys by Barfod & Balslev and Borgtoft Pedersen & Balslev and as Prestoea trichoclada by Bonilla & Feil.
Prestoea decurrens (H. Wend. ex Burret) H. E. Moore	Costa Rica	food	Joyal 1994
Prestoea ensiformis (Ruiz & Pavon) H.E. Moore	Ecuador	food	Barfod & Balslev 1988	Cited as Prestoea sejuncta
Prestoea schultzeana (Burret) H.E. Moore	Ecuador	food	Van den Eynden et al. 2004
Pritchardiopsis jeanneneyi Becc.	New Caledonia	food	Pritchard 1995	Overharvesting in the past has reduced this species to one mature individual in the wild.
Raphia farinifera (Gaertn) Hyl.	Madagascar	food	Byg & Balslev 2003	Harvested from cultivated palms.
Ravenea	Madagascar	food	Byg & Balslev 2003
Ravenea albicans (Jum.) Beentje	Madagascar	food	Byg & Balslev 2003
Ravenea dransfieldii Beentje	Madagascar	food	Dransfield & Beentje 1995	Some Malagasy people believe this species to be toxic.
Ravenea lakatra (Jum.) Beentje	Madagascar	food	Byg & Balslev 2003
Ravenea robustior Jum. & H. Perrier	Madagascar	food	Dransfield & Beentje 1995; Byg & Balslev 2003	Not eaten in some parts of Madagascar.
Ravenea sambiranensis Jum. & H. Perrier	Madagascar	food	Beentje 1994; Byg & Balslev 2003	Palm heart sometimes eaten but said to be slightly bitter.
Rhapis laosensis Becc.	Laos	food	Hastings 2003
Rhopaloblaste ceramica (Miq.) Burret	New Guinea	food	Banka & Baker 2004
Rhopaloblaste ledermanniana Becc.	New Guinea	food	Banka & Baker 2004
Roystonea oleracea (Jacq.) O. F. Cook	Trinidad	food	Williams & Williams 1951
Roystonea regia (Kunth) O. F. Cook	Trinidad, Cuba; Belize	food	Williams & Williams 1951; Hodge 1965; McSweeney 1995	As R. oleracea in McSweeney 1995.
Sabal	Belize	food	McSweeney 1995
Sabal mexicana Mart.	Mexico	food	Quero 1992
Sabal palmetto (Walt.) Lodd. ex Schult. & Schult. f.	s.e. USA	food	Hodge 1965
Satranala decussilavae Beentje & J. Dransf.	Madagascar	food	Ravololonanahary 1999
Socratea exorrhiza (Mart.) H. Wendl.	Ecuador; Costa Rica	food & medicine	Barfod & Balslev 1988; Joyal 1994; Macía 2004
Syagrus comosa (Mart.) Mart.	Brazil	medicine	Plotkin & Balick 1984	Said to be somewhat bitter.
Syagrus oleracea (Mart.) Becc.	Brazil	medicine	Plotkin & Balick 1984	Said to be very bitter.
Syagrus pseudococos (Raddi) Glassman	Brazil	food & medicine	Plotkin & Balick 1984	As Barbosa pseudococos
Veitchia spiralis H. Wendl.	Vanuatu	food	Dowe 1996
Voanioala gerardii J. Dransf.	Madagascar	food	Dransfield 1992
Welfia regia H. Wendl.	Costa Rica	food	Joyal 1994	As Welfia georgii
Wettinia kalbreyeri (Burret) R. Bernal	Ecuador	food	Van den Eynden et al. 2004
Wettinia maynensis Spruce	Ecuador	food	Van den Eynden et al. 2004; Macía 2004

Anderson, A. B. 1978.
The names and uses of palms among a tribe of Yanomama indians.
Principes 22: 30-41.
(Attalea maripa, Attalea phalerata, Astrocaryum, Astrocaryum aculeatum, Astrocaryum murumuru, Bactris, Bactris gasipaes, Oenocarpus bataua, Oenocarpus bacaba, Euterpe precatoria)

Avé, W. 1986.
The use of rattan by a Semai community in West Malaysia.
Principes 30: 143-150.
(Daemonorops brachystachys, Daemonorops geniculata, Daemonorops grandis, Daemonorops kunstleri)

Balick, M. J. 1976.
The palm heart as a new commercial crop from tropical America.
Principes 20: 24-28.
(Bactris gasipaes)

Balick, M. J. 1988.
The use of palms by the Apinayé and Guajajara indians of northeastern Brazil.
Advances in Economic Bot. 6: 65-90.
(Attalea speciosa, Astrocaryum campestre, Geonoma pohliana)

Balslev, H. & M. Moraes. 1989.
Palmeras de Bolivia. AAU Reports 20.
Botanical Institute Aarhus University, Denmark.
(Dictyocaryum lamarckianum, Euterpe precatoria, Parajubaea torallyi, Attalea princeps)

Banka, R. & W. J. Baker. 2004.
A monograph of the genus Rhopaloblaste (Arecaceae).
Kew Bull. 59: 47-60.
(Rhopaloblaste ceramica, Rhopaloblaste ledermanniana)

Barfod, A. & H. Balslev. 1988.
The use of palms by the Cayapas and Coaiqueres on the coastal plain of Ecuador.
Principes 32: 29-42.
(Aiphanes, Bactris gasipaes, Bactris, Prestoea acuminata var. acuminata, Prestoea ensiformis, Iriartea deltoidea, Oenocarpus bataua, Socratea exorrhiza)

Beentje, H. 1994.
Ravenea in Madagascar.
Principes 38: 195-203.
(Ravenea sambiranensis)

Bonilla, D. & J. P. Feil. 1995.
Production of ramets and germination of Prestoea trichoclada (Arecaceae) - A source of palm heart in Ecuador.
Principes 39: 210-214.
(Prestoea acuminata var. acuminata)

Borgtoft Pedersen, H. & H. Balslev. 1990.
Eduadorean palms for agroforestry.
AAU Reports 23. Botanical Institute Aarhus University, Denmark.
(Prestoea acuminata var. acuminata)

Bovi, M. L. A. 1998.
Cultivo da palmeira real australiana visando à produção de palmito.
Bol. Téch. 172. Instituto Agronômico, Campinas.
(Archontophoenix)

Byg, A. & H. Balslev. 2003.
Palm heart extraction in Zahamena, eastern Madagascar.
PALMS 47: 37-44.
(numerous species of Dypsis and Ravenea, Cocos nucifera, Marojejya insignis, Raphia isignis)

Castillo Mont, J. J., N. R. Gallardo & D. V. Johnson. 1994.
The picaya palm (Chamaedorea tepejilote; Arecaceae) and its food use in Guatemala.
Econ. Bot. 48: 68-75.
(Chamaedorea tepejilote)

Cribb, A. B. & J. W. Cribb. 1981.
Useful wild plants in Australia.
Collins, Sydney.
(Livistona australis)

Dowe, J. L. 1996.
Uses of some indigenous Vanuatu palms.
Principes 40: 93-102.
(Veitchia spiralis)

Dransfield, J. 1972.
The genus Borassodendron (Palmae) in Malesia.
Reinwardtia 8: 351-363.
(Borassodendron borneense)

Dransfield, J. 1976.
Palms in the everyday life of West Indonesia.
Principes 20: 39-47.
(Oncospermum horridum, Arenga, Caryota, Borassodendron, Licuala, Daemonorops melanochaetes, Daemonorops fissa)

Dransfield, J. 1988.
Beccariophoenix madagacariensis.
Prinicipes 32: 59-68.
(Beccariophoenix madagascariensis)

Dransfield, J. 1992.
Voanioala, the forest coconut.
Principes 36: 124-127.
(Voanioala gerardii)

Endt, D. 1996.
Some observations on the growing of the chonta palm Juania australis.
Principes 40: 27-30.
(Juania australis)

Evans, T. D., K. Sengdala, O. V. Viengkham & B. Thammavong. 2001.
A field guide to the rattans of Lao PDR.
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
(many taxa)

Fuller, D., J. L. Dowe & M. F. Doyle. 1997.
A new species of Heterospathe from Fiji.
Principes 41: 65-69.
(Heterospathe phillipsii)

Gertsch, J., F. W. Stauffer, A. Narváez & O. Sticher. 2002.
Use and significance of palmss (Arecaceae) among the Yanomamï in southern Venezuela.
Jour. Ethnobiology 22: 219-246.

Govaerts, R. & J. Dransfield. 2005.
World Checklist of Palms.
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Gragson, T. L. 1992.
The use of palms by the Pume indians of southwestern Venezuela.
Principes 36: 133-142.
(Euterpe cf. precatoria, Mauritia flexuosa)

Hastings, L. H. 2003.
A revision of Rhapis, the lady palms.
PALMS 47: 62-78.
(Rhapis laosensis)

Hodge, W. H. 1965.
Palm cabbage.
9: 124-131.
(Acrocomia aculeata, Roystonea regia, Geonoma interrupta var. interrupta, Euterpe broadwayi, Sabal palmetto)

Hodge, W. H. 1980a.
Notes on palm use in a Spanish treasure.
Principes 24: 129-132.
(Brahea brandegeei)

Hodge, W. H. 1980b.
Some early historical references to palm cabbage.
Principes 24: 181, 182.
(Phoenix dactylifera)

House, A. P. N. 1983.
The use of palms by man on Siberut Island, Indonesia.
Principes 27: 12-17.
(Oncosperma horridum, Oncospermum tigilliarum)

Jiménez, B. & S. Knapp. 1998.
Palms of the Reserva Natural del Bosque Mbaracayú, Paraguay (Mbaracayú Natural Forest Reserve).
Principes 42: 65-79.
(Euterpe edulis)

Johnson, D. 1972.
The carnauba wax palm (Copernicia prunifera). IV. Economic uses.
Principes 16: 128-131.
(Copernicia prunifera)

Johnson, D. 1975.
Some palm products of the Peruvian Amazon.
Principes 19: 78, 79.
(Euterpe precatoria)

Joyal, E. 1994.
Palm ethnoecology in the Saripiqui region of Costa Rica.
Jour. Ethnobiol. 14: 161-172.
(many taxa)

Kiew, R. 1989.
Utilization of palms in peninsular Malaysia.
Malayan Naturalist 43(1 & 2): 43-67.
(many taxa)

Kitzke, E. D. & D. Johnson. 1975.
Commercial palm products other than oils.
Principes 19: 3-26
(Euterpe edulis)

Macía, M. J. 2004.
Multiplicity in palm uses by the Huaorani of Amazonian Ecuador.
Bot. Jour. Linn. Soc. 144: 149-159.
(Astrocaryum chambira, Bactris gasipaes, Bactris riparia, Euterpe precatoria, Iriartea deltoidea, Oenocarpus bataua, Oenocarpus mapora, Socratea exorrhiza, Wettinia maynensis)

McSweeney, K. 1995.
The cohune palm (Orbignya cohune, Arecaceae) in Belize: A survey of uses.
Econ. Bot. 49: 162-171.
(Attalea cohune, Euterpe precatoria var. longivaginata, Roystonea regia, Sabal)

Mejia C., K. 1988.
Utilization of palms in eleven mestizo villages of the Peruvian Amazon (Ucayali River, Department of Loreto).
Advances in Economic Bot. 6: 130-136.
(Astrocaryum chambira, Astrocaryum huicungo, Bactris gasipaes, Euterpe precatoria, Iriartea deltoidea)

Miller, R. H. 1964.
The versatile sugar palm.
Principes 8: 115-147.
(Arenga pinnata)

Padmanabhan, D. & C. Sudhersan. 1988.
Mass destruction of Phoenix loureirii in south India.
Principes 32: 118-123.
(Phoenix loureiroi)

Pearce, K. G. 1989.
Utilization of palms in Sarawak.
Malayan Naturalist 43(1 & 2): 69-91.
(many taxa)

Plotkin, M. J. & M. J. Balick. 1984.
Medicinal uses of South American palms.
Jour. Ethnopharmacol. 10: 157-179.
(Syagrus comosa, Syagrus oleracea, Syagrus pseudococos, Attalea butyracea, Euterpe oleracea, Oenocarpus distichus)

Pritchard, P. C. H. 1995.
Pritchardiopsis lives!
Principes 39: 52, 53.
(Pritchardiopsis jeanenneyi)

Quero, H. J. 1992.
Current state of Mexican palms.
Principes 36: 203-216.
(Sabal mexicana)

Ravololonanahary, H. 1999.
The conservation status of Satranala decussilvae in the Ianobe Valley, Masoala National Park, Madagascar.
PALMS 43: 145-148.
(Satranala decussilvae)

Sambou, B., J. E. Lawesson & A. S. Barfod. 1992.
Borassus aethiopum, a threatened multiple purpose palm in Senegal.
Principes 36: 148-155.
(Borassus aethiopum)

Siebert, S. F. 1997.
Economically important rattans of central Sulawesi, Indonesia.
Principes 41: 42-46.
(Calamus zollingeri, Daemonorops robusta)

Strudwick, J. & G. L. Sobel. 1988.
Uses of Euterpe oleracea Mart. in the Amazon estuary, Brazil.
Advances in Economic Bot. 6: 225-253.
(Euterpe oleracea)

Van den Eynden, V., E. Cuerva & O. Cabrera. 2004.
Edible palms of southern Ecuador.
PALMS 48: 141-147.
(many taxa)

Wilbert, J. 1975.
Geography and telluric lore of the Oronoco Delta.
Jour. Latin Amer. Lore 5: 129-150.
(Manicaria saccifera)

Williams, R. O. & R. O. Williams, Jr. 1951.
The useful and ornamental plants in Trinidad and Tobago, ed. 4.
Department of Agriculture, Port-of-Spain, Trinidad.
(Roystonea oleracea, Roystonea regia)

Zona, S., A. James & K. Maidman. 2003.
The native palms of Dominica.
PALMS 47: 151-157.
(Euterpe broadwayi)